The network society and the new economy

Is the society that is structured by the convergence of the new society.The society is there because of information age,the network society has never been there by chance,it's there because of the power of IT technology.Here are the two main process of the network society;
1.The development of the communication technology
2.The social change
......By Faith Gabriella.

THE HISTORY OF ADVERTISING

The history of advertising is divided into six periods or stages as follows:

a. Pre-printing period, prior to the Fifteenth century.

b. Early printing period from the Fifteenth century to about 1840.

c. Period of expansion, from 1840 to 1900.

d. Period of consolidation from 1900 to 1925.

e. Period of scientific development, from 1925 to 1945;and

f. Period of business and social integration from 1945 to the present.

a. Pre- Printing Period

The 'Town crier' was the first means of supplementing sign advertising during the Pre-printing period. The 'criers' had charters from the government and were often organized in a sort of union. Their numbers were usually restricted. In the province of Berry, in France, in the year 1141, twelve 'criers' organized a company and obtained a charter from Louis VII giving them the exclusive privileges of town crying in the province. The Power of commercial criers grew until they were able in some instances to obtain an edict from the ruler of the land forcing shopkeepers to employ a 'crier’

b. Early Printing Period

The invention of the printing press and the revival of learning meant much to business. It had led to the production of advertisements in large quantities for wide distribution. The first printed English advertisement was a 'handbill' or 'poster' announcement written by William Caxton in 1472.

 In general, the growth of advertising during this period, paralleled the increase in population and in the number of periodicals and newspapers in circulation in both Europe and the United States. However, in 1712, England levied a tax on newspapers and advertising, which retarded the growth of newspapers as well as the advertisements in newspapers,  caused the bereavement of such a leading publication as 'Addison's spectator'.

During that time the tax on each advertisement, regardless of size, amounted to 84 cents at its peak. In England the taxes on both newspapers and advertisements were abolished in 1853. The circulation of newspapers in the United States, where no tax was imposed, was much greater than in England, during this period consequently more advertisements advertisers had emerged in the United States when compared to England. Printed advertising was generally in use until the end of the Eighteenth century.

C. Period of Expansion

This period includes, the sixty years between 1840 and'1900. It was during these six decades that the great changes, which had a vital influence on the business of advertising, were witnessed in the United States.

By 1840, the growth in the numbers and the circulation of magazines were mainly due to the development of rapid and long distance transportation. This parallel movement is rather striking, while it does not prove a casual relationship between the growth of long distance transportation and advertising media, it is logical to believe that the increase of transportation facilities did have a definite influence on the rapid rise in the number of publications.

 In fact, the increased revenue from the sale of advertising space encouraged a growth in the number of publications and their wider circulations. Advertisements during that period were mostly trade advertisements in nature, announcing the arrival of shipments of Coffee, Tea, Silk cloth, etc. 

d. Period of Consolidation

This period stretches over a period of 25 years from 1900 to1925.1n 1911 a crusade against the ranker types of untruthfulness in advertising was launched in the United States. Printers Ink, the Curtis Publishing Company and other organizations led the fight to reduce or eliminate the use of gross exaggeration, false testimonials and other forms of misleading and untruthful advertising. It was also during this period that trust - busting, expose and reform programs became popular. It is not surprising that advertising was caught up in this clean up movement.

 e. Period of Scientific Development

This period saw the application of the scientific methods to resolve the problems of advertising. Knowledge was systematized to a much greater degree than before; and facts were observed, recorded and classified through the application of various scientific devices.

There were a few "radical" advertising men who were so bold as to suggest that advertising be subjected to tests to prove or disprove its ability to work the wonders claimed for it. Not until the depression, starting in 1929, did these men get much of a hearing. 

f. Period of Business and Social Integration

The post war years were characterized by prosperity in advertising. In the 1950s came television which developed fast to the advertising-media .The growing popularity of T.V as an important media of mass communication and recreation had contributed greatly in bringing about this situation and had also provided the much needed momentum to the advertising business. This, in its turn, had led to a host of American companies to start sponsoring T.V programmes. These advertisers could demonstrate the use of their products and services and present well-known figures to praise such products and services.They also could arrange emotions through television.   

....................SYEKEYE MATHAYO M......................

 

LISTENING

It is a complex process by which all language from the source is received critically,attended to,recognized and interpreted in terms of past experiences and future exceptions.
The type of listening includes appreciative,conversational,social listening,critical listening among others.
The process of listening includes;
1.Receiving
2.Selecting
3.Organize
4.Interpreting
.......Done by Faith Gabriella

Aspect the jurisdiction of court of Appeal in Tanzania.

Court of Appeal of Tanzania is a creature of section 117 of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977. It comprises the Chief Justice and not less than two other Justices of Appeal but the full bench is not less than five Justices of Appeal. However, Court of Appeal of Tanzania ordinarily sits as a panel of three Justices of Appeal except in chamber applications before a single judge

The Court of Appeal works and discharges its judicial duties in accordance with the provisions of The Tanzania Court of Appeal Rules, 2009. These provide the procedure to be followed and are made by the Chief Justice under section 12 of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1979.

According to Constitution, Court of Appeal of Tanzania as the highest court of the land has territorial jurisdiction over Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. The Court of Appeal of Tanzania was established on 15th August, 1979, after the collapse of East African community and was inaugurated by President Julius K. Nyerere on 22nd October, 1979.

Court of Appeal of Tanzania as the highest court of the land has territorial jurisdiction over Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. There are also three jurisdiction provided under the constitution which are Appellate Jurisdiction, Revisional Jurisdiction and Jurisdiction of Review.

·         Territorial jurisdiction.

This is the court power to hear matters arising in the specified geographical area whereas the jurisdiction of the court depends on the territorial limits of the court. According to the Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania, the court of Appeal is the highest and superior court of the land whereas its territorial jurisdiction or geographical limit is over Zanzibar and in Tanzania mainland. That means the court of Appeal power in Tanzania doesn’t go beyond the geographical boundaries of Zanzibar and Tanzania mainland.

·         Jurisdiction of review.

The jurisdiction of review is the power of the court to revisit or correct its previous decision whereas a court may have a power to re examine its own decision and in that case court is said to have review jurisdiction. In the court of appeal the court may review its judgment or order, subject to specified conditions. Thus is the power of the court to determine the legality of the decision of administrative tribunals or actions of administrator(s).

·         Appellate jurisdiction.

This is the power of the court to hear the matter on appeal. It means the matter has already been heard by the lower Court. E.g. Appeal from District/R. Magistrate Court to the High Court. According to section 4 and 6 of the appellate acts, the court of appeal shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the high court and from the subordinate courts with extended jurisdiction.

·         Revision jurisdiction.

Revision jurisdiction is the power vested in the superior court to examine the records of an inferior court in order to satisfy itself as to the correctness, legality or propriety of any decisions orders made by such lower or inferior courts. In the court of appeal has the authority to call for and examine the record of any proceeding before the High court for the purpose of satisfying itself as to legality, or propriety of any findings.

Note;

Every court jurisdiction before entertaining any case it has to satisfy itself, that it has jurisdiction as failure to observe this fundamental requirement of law will lead the judgment of such a court to be null and void where upon the accused or part in default will be set free

................By Faith Gabriella.

The history of advertising

Advertising plays a very important role in today’s age of competition. Advertising is one thing which has become a necessity for everybody in today’s day to day life, be it the producer, the traders, or the customer. Advertising is an important part. Let’s have a look on how and where is advertising important:

 

Advertising is important for the customers

Just imagine television or a newspaper or a radio channel without an advertisement! No one can any day imagine this. Advertising plays a very important role in customer’s life. Customers are the people who buy the product only after they are made aware of the products available in the market. If the product is not advertised, no customer will come to know what products are available and will not buy the product even if the product was for their benefit. One more thing is that advertising helps people find the best products for themselves, their kids, and their family. When they come to know about the range of products, they are able to compare the products and buy so that they get what they desire after spending their valuable money. Thus, advertising is important for the customers.

 Advertising is important for the seller and companies producing the products

·         Yes, advertising plays very important role for the producers and the sellers of the products, because

·         Advertising helps increasing sales

·         Advertising helps producers or the companies to know their competitors and plan accordingly to meet up the level of competition.

·         If any company wants to introduce or launch a new product in the market, advertising will make a ground for the product. Advertising helps making people aware of the new product so that the consumers come and try the product.

·         Advertising helps creating goodwill for the company and gains customer loyalty after reaching a mature age.

·         The demand for the product keeps on coming with the help of advertising and demand and supply become a never ending process.

 Advertising is important for the society. Advertising helps educating people. There are some social issues also which advertising deals with like child labor, liquor consumption, girl child killing, smoking, family planning education, etc. thus, advertising plays a very important role in society.

..............BY SYEKEYE MATHAYO M...........................

Jurisdiction of court

Jurisdiction of court means the power of the Court to determine/hear/entertain a certain matter/issue/case/dispute. Court's jurisdiction is restricted in three main ways: i.e. Geographical location of the Court, Subject Matter, and Value of the subject matter. The question of jurisdiction for any court is basic; it goes to the very root of the authority of the court to arbitrate upon cases of different nature. The question of jurisdiction is so fundamental that courts must as a matter of practice on the face of it is certain and assured of their jurisdictional position at the commencement of the trial. Courts in Tanzania are not at the same level of jurisdiction as jurisdiction of courts goes in hand with the hierarchy of court system in Tanzania mainland.

...............By Faith Gabriella.

Rural Markets and Service Delivery

Rural Marketing is defined as any marketing activity in which the one dominant participant is from a rural area. This implies that rural marketing consists of marketing of inputs (products or services) to the rural as well as marketing of outputs from the rural markets to other geographical areas.

Rural markets develops slowly in most of African countries like Tanzania due to; poor network connectivity to urban areas, poor strategies to deliver products from corporate organizations, poor marketing strategies, poor communication networks, low government support in these areas and low living standard of rural people.

There are some problems and challenges which hinder enough service delivery from corporate organizations to rural markets. Some of these are; poor transportation system, poor government support, poor marketing strategies, inability of getting loans, low number of  customers in rural areas and low or no profit at all.

Hence, corporate organizations and policy makers should develop comprehensive strategies to insure enough services in rural areas.