By Syekeye Mathayo M
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
GLOBALIZATION
The
term globalization was apparently
first published in a 1962 article in Spectator magazine, but it began to
enter everyday English usage after the 1962 publication of Marshall McLuhan’s Gutenberg
Galaxy. "Globalism" is an even more recent term and appeared for
the first time in the 1986 second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.
Globalization, as a concept, refers both to the
"shrinking" of the world and the increased consciousness of the world
as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world
economy that are the result of dramatically increased cross-border trade,
investment, and cultural exchange. In
specifically economic contexts, globalization is often used in characterizing
processes underway in the areas of financial markets, production, and
investment. Even more narrowly, the term is used to refer almost exclusively to
the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free
trade."
Between
1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically
reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. Globalization
trends reversed beginning with Word War I and continuing until the end of World war II when the Bretton Woods
institutions were created (that is, the International Monetary Fund
or IMF, World Bank and the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade, later re-organized into the World Trade Organization, or
WTO). In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic
institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade and investment
dramatically expanded.
Globalization/internationalisation
has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed
since World War II. These include greater international movement of
commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology,
organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. The
actual existence of some of these trends is debated, .
Globalization
is the result of man’s progressive nature of change. It can be traced far back
16th century, the period when European traders and sailors
intensified overseas trade through mercantilism. From 16th century
the shape of the global migration was transformed by the Europeans and
Americans. The first great wave of the early modern migrations involve the
forced movement of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which shifted about 9-12
million people. By the mid of 19th century this trade linked West
Africa with the external world through enslaving Africans.
The
migration came to be more pronounced during the Second World War. The Europeans
economies in 1950’s and 1960’s drove a epoch of global migration that tuned
Europeans interest to overseas nations where they thought to have cheap source
of wealth, despite the oil shocks of 1970’s and the closure of many Europeans
peripheries.
In
1970’s the wave of migration of enormous flow to oil rich and labour added the
new pattern of regional migration within Africa, Latin America, and East Asia.
However, from 1990’s migration among society has been intensive due to
advancement of science and technology, refugees and disintegration in the
developing world. The interconnectedness has been quickly brought by
development of the communication technology and space exploration, (Bukagile,
G. R, 2008).
DEFINITION
OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization (or globalisation) refers to the worldwide phenomenon
of technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges, brought about by
modern communication, transportation and legal infrastructure as well as the
political choice to consciously open cross-border links in international trade
and finance. It is a term used to describe how human beings are becoming more
intertwined with each other around the world economically, politically, and
culturally. Although these links are not new, they are more pervasive than ever
before, .
Globalization defined as the increasing process
of interdependence and interconnectedness between deferent political, social, and
economic components of the world. It is the way in which the world is seen as a
global village. Globalization become wide spread because it integrates people
across their international boarders, making the world operate as the village
and therefore making free movement of goods, capital and information,
(Bukagile, G. R, 2008).
Globalization refers to the worldwide integration
of government, policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets
through trade and the exchange of ideas, (Schaefer, R. T, 2004).
Globalization
refers to the process of global integration of the economies of nations by
allowing the unrestricted flow of goods, services, investments and currencies
between countries. Nation states pursued globalization in the hope that this
would lead to prosperity. They believed that globalization would bring them
agricultural modernization, industrialization, urbanization, and
hyper-consumerism resulting in increases of per capita gross domestic product
(GDP),
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN RURAL AND
URBAN SETTING
The
impact globalization has divided into main two parts such as positive impact
and negative impact in developing countries like Tanzania. And these two parts
explained in rural setting and Urban setting as follows as follow:-
RURAL SETTING
The following are the positive
impact of globalization on Rural setting in Tanzania:-
Emergence and development of health
services in rural areas.
Before 1990 Tanzania had no policy of health in rural areas. But after that
period, health services policies introduced in 1990 and 2003 whereby as the
impact of globalization spread in Tanzania. The main objective of health
policies in Tanzania is “to improve the health and well-being of all Tanzanians
with a focus on those most risk and encourage the health system to be more
responsible to the need of people”, Also
promote adequate nutrition, and control diseases in rural areas. In order to
look the well-being of the rural setting government proposed a policy of
building health centre and dispensaries all villages in Tanzania. Due to that
policy, now days there is a lote of medical centre under private sectors which
provide easily to the rural people, (Msambichaka, Mwamba and Mashindano, 2006).
Development of agriculture
activities. Through
globalization, influencing the development and improvement of agricultural
substitute whereby used to increase production of crops. Globalization through
aspect of free trade increases competition on production of crops which
resulting to the government of Tanzania to insist Tanzanians farmers to
increase production under the policy of “KILIMO KWANZA”, a policy of President
Dr. J. M. Kikwete. So, due to existence of “KILIMO KWANZA” people are being
encouraged to produce enough so as to compete with other countries all over the
world. Therefore, the development of agriculture production through the use of
mechanized tools like Tractors, Caterpillars, and modern fertilizers increases
crops which lead to improve life of rural people in Tanzania. et al.
Development of information and
communication technology.
Globalization helping the rural people to communicate with other people in
other parts of the world through telephone line such as Vodacom, Airtell, Tigo
and Zantel which existed in most rural areas all over the country. Also they
use internet to see how other people are producing their crops and which
technology being used, also they communicate with others through watching
television and radios by using digital system. So, de to the existence of
communication among Tanzania increases knowledge on production activities and
finding outside markets. Taking Radio Free Africa as, they have program of
“ZINDUKA” in Saturday evening which explaining much on how to increase
production of crops and livestock keeping in Tanzania. Et al.
Fighting against rural poverty
through Rural finance.
Due to penetration of globalization ideas in Tanzania, rural people are
encouraging to form a small group of people of not more than 400 members and
they contributing so as to upgrade the well-being of the group, (Msambichaka,
Mwamba, and Mashindano, 2006). The names of groups based on financial is called
SACCOS whereby Tanzania Government through “MKUKUTA” policy of reducing poverty
under President J. M. Kikwete, allowed to give loans called “MABILIONI YA
KIKWETE” those group which has been organized and formed. Thereafter given that
loan as a group SACCO’s member advised to request loans from that SACCOS so as
to reduce the level of poverty in rural setting of Tanzania, (Speech of
President Jakaya M. Kikwete, October, 2010 during election campaigns in Njombe
Town).
Advancement of Transport and
communication system.
Up to the early of 1980’s the level of development of Transport system was poor
compared to now days under Globalization period. Most of roads during that time
were for seasonally especially during dry season. But after penetration of
globalization ideas in Tanzania, now day’s rural areas have been built
permanent roads which passed every season. This transport system help rural
people to transport they crops from rural areas to industrial areas like Dar es
salaam. For example, a road from Bukoba-Mwanza to Dar es salaam has been built
and complete in 2011, which help people to transport goods, and their crops
easily. Et al.
Through trade liberalization and
free markets economy, globalization has stimulated much the utilization of
natural resources.
These are many companies which are investing in natural resources such as
mining companies at Mwadui, Geita, Nzega and Kahama gold mining. Presence of
these foregn companies enables Tanzania to tilize resources for the development
of her people including rural areas.
The following are the negative
impact of Globalization in Rural setting:-
Distraction of culture. Globalization through the use of
internet, watching television movies and various film from Western countries
including United States of America, people living in rural areas decide to cope
the life style of western people which resulting to the distraction of
Tanzanians rural culture. For example, for now day’s people have no time to
seat with their grandparents so as to learn how when they are young people
fighting for life and how they speeded they culture previous period, that’s why
it is a normal issue for a young person to stay without greeting those aged
people. This is quit difference with rural culture which existed previous time
whereby people lived as organ, (Bukagile, G. R, 2008).
The rise of individualism in rural
areas and distraction of Extended family. Due to existence of globalization in Tanzania, now days
people have no unite, peace and harmony as existed previous in rural areas in
Tanzania. This is because of coping western living style and implementing to
their society especially rural setting. People live as individual, and the
problem of an individual being solved by him/ her within nuclear family. This
situation influencing the distraction of extended family where people lived as
single family and welcoming Nuclear family which characterizing by high level
of individualism. Et al.
Increase of corruption in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand
with free trade whereby people are allowed to trade in any area. Leaders who
are the controller of rural development program they take it as advantages
whereby they involve on corruption so as to defend the interest of individual
but not whole society. People are committing on corruption because there is no
laws which abide them to involve on corruption and trading through free trade.
This is quit difference during “Arusha Declaration” whereby leaders had not
allowed involving on trading. The impact of it is failure of various program
including “KILIMO KWANZA” and “MKUKUTA” in Tanzania especially rural areas.
This had been proved by the president of Tanzania Dr. Jakaya Mlisho Kikwete
during meeting between him and Journalist in Dar es salaam few days before
Tanzania Election of 2010 in Diamond Jubilee. Et al.
High degree of poverty in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand
with development of computerization, whereby a lot of work which had been
performed by a large number of people in a certain office, now days is
performing by machine or computer. The impact of it is unemployment to large
number of people living in rural areas and increasing level of poverty. Also in
agricultural production tools like tractors replacing a large number of human
labour, and also the use of harvest machine reducing the large number of
labours who required harvesting, hence large number of people remain
unemployed. Also on other side now days rural areas are areas where investors
investing and take large poison of land as a result people remain landless
which lead them to be poor. Et al
Poor marketing of crops. Even though we are era dominated
by globalization through advancement of science and technology, the level of
technology applying on production of crops are very low compared to other
country like developed country. These lead to low quality and poor production
of crops in Tanzania rural setting which impacting to poor market. For example,
in Tunduru-Ruvuma region, Mtwara and Lindi up to the present they have not sold
their cash crops, this is because of poor quality of production and creation
poor marketing system in the World Market. Also crops produced by rural people,
price of market are planned by World Market Centre, and not a farmer of rural
Tanzania to plan what price they want to sell. Et al
URBAN SETTING
The following are the positive
impact of globalization on Urban setting introduced by Bukagile, G. R, (2008):-
High availability of social services. Development of globalization goes
hand in hand with the development of urbanization whereby becoming the center
of social services. Various traders are investing within a country and abroad
investing on social services like education, electricity and health services
whereby they built hospital. In education now days most of private and public
university build in urban areas where they think have high demand compared to
rural areas. This is due to large number of people living in urban
setting. These investment influencing
high levels of availabilities of social services in urban areas in the cities
including Dar es salaam, and Mwanza.
Globalization creating employment. Through investment people got
employments opportunities whereby help them to improve standard of living
people in urban setting. For example, foregn companies like vodacom, Airtell,
Zantel and Tigo hove employed sousand of Tanzanias which help them to improve
standard of living people in urban setting.
Introduction of International laws
in Tanzania.
A contemporary state like Tanzania makes laws which comply with international
laws and therefore it abides with them in such a way that it can no longer
mistreat her citzen the way it wishes. Issues like human rights, social
justices are part of Tanzania constitution, by laws and statutes which effectively
started to be used in Tanzania from 1978. and most of courts and advocates are
present in urban setting whereby they provide services to the client.
The following are the negative
impact of globalization in urban setting:-
Undermined native languages. Now days people living in urban
areas has been affected by Kiswahili language whereby they use it as a language
of communication all over Tanzania. Vernaculars language like Yao, nyamwezi,
Sukuma and Zaramo language are despairing day to day because of tendencies of
urban people to speak Kiswahili language and forgetting their local languages.
For example, Dar es salaam urban the origin of that area are Zaramo tribe, but
it is difcult to listen people’s living their to speak Zaramo language. Also
people in urban areas they use English language as a sign to be civilized as
outcome of globalization. This is used most especially educated people,
Increase of migration from rural to
urban. Due to
poor services available in rural areas, now days people living in rural areas
decide to migrate from rural to urban so as to be near with services. Also some
people migrate to urban so as to search for employment because in urban areas
is the areas where investment is high. The impact of it is high population in
urban areas and course unemployment to peoples who living in urban.
Moral erosion. Due to development of globalization
through the use of internet, television, watching movies and film people
changing the way of behaving. Now days in urban areas moral has been decay and
influenced emergence of behavior like drug abuse, homosexual, violence,
prostitution, robbery, raping, and other behavior bright by a Globalization as
a result high spread of disease.
Unemployment. Globalization influenced people to
move from rural to urban areas.
……………………………..By Syekeye MathayoM…………………
